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8 - 10 MAY 2001
This week, heard from three journalists who were covering the march. John Wade of the Daily Telegraph spoke about being fired on by a gunman near to the Long Tower Church. Brian Cashinella of the Times witnessed the paras’ entry through barrier 14. He said that he had attended an Army briefing at Lisburn HQ when it was indicated to the press that something was going to be done about the ‘no-go areas.’ The BBC’s John Bierman said that he did not see anything that would have justified the Army’s fire.
The Tribunal also heard evidence from Bobby Heatley who was responsible for looking after Lord Fenner Brockway at the meeting at Free Derry Corner.
Samuel McGonigle from the Renfrew and Bute Constabulary, an observer positioned on the city walls, told the tribunal that there were no shots fired from the walls.
A full transcript of proceedings is
available at http://www.bloody-sunday-inquiry.org.uk
1 SAMUEL McGONIGLE’S EVIDENCE
Samuel McGonigle was a planning officer for the Renfrew and Bute Constabulary. He and Assistant Chief Constable Campbell visited to watch the methods used by the RUC in emergency situations.
1.1
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE TRIBUNAL
1.1.1
View from the city walls
Mr McGonigle was standing to the left of the Observation Post (OP) on the city walls that was positioned between the sandbagged Army post and the Walker monument. There were 4 soldiers in the OP, an officer, a sergeant and two privates. He cannot recall any soldiers or RUC officers on the walls.
Soon after he arrived on the walls, one of the soldiers told him to be careful and to keep his head down because there had been sniper fire from the area of the Rossville Flats.
Mr McGonigle did not know what the plan was for control of the march. He only knew that there was a barrier erected to contain the march.
Mr McGonigle said that there was a radio in the OP. He could hear messages being sent and received but not what they were. He thinks that the radio was inside the OP.
He saw people at the rubble barricade, picking up bricks and rubble and throwing it. He could not see what they were aiming at because he was too far away from the barricade. He does not remember seeing any nail or petrol bomb being thrown. Mr McGonigle had never heard a nail bomb or petrol bomb before he went to Derry.
Mr McGonigle heard a number of explosions. He did not know where they came from, but was told by the Army people at the post that they thought they were rubber bullets and CS gas canisters being fired. He saw a gas cloud rising into the atmosphere and was told it was CS gas.
After a short period the crowd formed up again behind the rubble barricade. They ran up the street and threw objects they had picked up. He heard a number of explosions quite different in sound from the previous ones and one of the army people said he thought they were nail bomb explosions. Two were in the distance and one was close to the vicinity of Butchers Gate. He could not see anything happening on the ground which suggested that a nail bomb might have been thrown.
He heard two long bursts of automatic fire that was continuous and dull. It appeared to come from the vicinity of the Rossville flats. The lasting impression he had was that fire was directed north up Rossville Street. The demonstrators at the south of the flats were still throwing missiles and did not scatter. There was no panic when the two bursts of fire broke out. The group remained where they were. Mr McGonigle thinks that each burst of fire lasted a couple of minutes. One of the army personnel said ‘that is a Thompson.’ When the two bursts of fire occurred, Mr McGonigle moved forward to try and get use of one of the periscopes. He was adjusting it when the Army sergeant came forward and claimed priority use.
He then heard a single shot which sounded different from the sound of automatic fire. He said that he got the impression it was a warning shot from the Army. The shot came from his extreme right. He saw people at the south of the barricade scatter and take cover behind buildings and the rubble barricade. The people at the lorry at Free Derry Corner heard it but did not move.
Mr McGonigle heard a number of loud rifle cracks coming from the same area. There were 30 or 40 cracks. The crowd around the lorry threw themselves on the ground. After the firing was over the crowd ran off in different directions. The crowd around the rubble barricade scattered quickly. Some went into Glenfada Park North and South. The firing lasted for 2 or 3 minutes. He saw 3 people at the barricade. There appeared to be another 2 injured people lying near a telephone box behind Block 1 of the flats. One was lying in a pool of blood. Mr McGonigle agreed that this could all have taken place within 5 minutes from the time that he heard the automatic fire.
Mr McGonigle saw a vehicle appear to the south of the barricade. Two soldiers got out and picked up two people and put them inside the vehicle. He said that the soldiers did not waste any time. They worked quickly and drove the army vehicle off.
Mr McGonigle left the walls at 4:45pm. He had no conversation with any of the soldiers or police officers. He did not learn there had been any casualties until he got back to Belfast.
1.2
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE FAMILIES AND WOUNDED
1.2.1
Army supplying information
Mr Harvey suggested that Mr McGonigle had got a number of things wrong. He suggested that his interpretation depended on the Army supplying him with correct information. Mr McGonigle agreed that he had believed the Army. He said that it would have been extremely foolish of him not to believe them.
1.2.2
1972 statement
Mr McGonigle was asked whether he had conferred with Mr Campbell in the statement he had given for the Widgery Inquiry. He said that it would be wrong to say there was not a general discussion or that they did not talk over events. He said that Mr Campbell was not there when he compiled the statement.
1.2.3
View from the city walls
Mr Harvey suggested that everything Mr McGonigle was saying he saw was consistent with what the soldiers were telling him. Mr McGonigle said that he is sure that he saw a CS gas cloud in Glenfada Park North. He did not see any people gathered at the gable end at any stage.
He said that when missiles were thrown from the rubble barricade, the crowd was much thicker than that shown in the photographs. He thinks about 300 people throwing stones.
Mr McGonigle agreed that he was dependent on information supplied to him by the Army about the nature of the explosions he heard. He heard three explosions. One was about 100 to 150 yards away. The other two were much further. He could not tell where they were when they exploded. The reason that he believed they were in Butcher’s Gate was that the explosion took place to his right. He said that he called it a nail bomb because the Army personnel described it as such. Mr McGonigle had never heard automatic, high or low velocity fire before.
The Army personnel said that the two bursts of automatic fire were Thompson submachine guns. He said that he would not confuse this with the sound of a helicopter.
Mr McGonigle heard between 30 and 40 shots. He did not think that 100 shots had been fired. He agreed that if he totalled the shots he heard with the sound of what he thought was automatic fire it would come to 100. He did not agree that the shots he heard could have been muffled because of the intervening buildings.
Mr McGonigle said that he only saw two bodies put into the army vehicle. He was asked how the bodies were loaded into the vehicle and said that one soldier would lift the casualty by the shoulder and the other soldier would lift the legs. He said that one of the casualties walked away with a limp.
Mr McGonigle could see the roof of the Rossville Flats from his position on the wall. He did not see any movement on the roof. He did not know where the sound of automatic fire seemed to come from. It was a dull sound. He was not aware that a helicopter had been flying above for some time.
He did not hear any shooting from the city walls.
Lord Gifford suggested that Mr McGonigle had a limited view of Rossville Street from his position on the walls. He did not see any soldiers in the Glenfada Park North area.
1.3
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE SOLDIERS
1.3.1
1972 statement
Mr McGonigle said that when he returned to Glasgow he was told by Mr Campbell, his superior officer, to write a statement. He wrote the statement himself and agreed that it was typical of his force’s way of writing reports.
He said that he is not aware that Mr Campbell’s recollection of gas differs from his. When he came to Derry he had no views about the rights or wrongs of what was going on in Derry. He was there to see if there was anything he could learn from the RUC relating to the handling of major disasters and that would help him rewrite the drill for his own force.
1.3.2
View from the city walls
When Mr McGonigle arrived at the walls he was told to stand to the left of the OP because there had been sniping at the Army from the area of the Rossville Flats.
Mr McGonigle had tried to use the periscope but a soldier said that he wanted to locate the automatic fire. He gave the soldier priority because it was Army equipment.
1.3.3
Shots from the walls
The soldiers on the walls did not fire any weapons. He said that he is clear that there were no shots fired from the city walls. He thought that a single shot came from his extreme right, from a position in front of him.
1.3.4
Automatic fire
When Mr McGonigle gave evidence to the Widgery Inquiry, there was no suggestion that he was wrong in saying that he had heard automatic fire.
2
JAMES WILSON’S EVIDENCE
Mr Wilson was 15 years old at the time of Bloody Sunday. He gave evidence about sector 1.
2.1
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE TRIBUNAL
2.1.1
William Street
Mr Wilson saw soldiers on the east side of the roof of the GPO and by the Abbey Taxis building. There were more than 100 people standing around the junction. They were spaced out and were talking to each other.
Mr Wilson saw Damien Donaghy fall on the western corner of the laundry waste ground. He did not see a soldier fire. He assumed that it was the soldier on the GPO because they had a clear view.
3
NIGEL WADE’S EVIDENCE
Nigel Wade was the reporter for the Daily Telegraph covering the march. He was familiar with the city and the routine patterns of stoning and gunfire.
3.1
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE TRIBUNAL
3.1.1
Press conferences and statements
Mr Wade said that he had attended a news conference and informal meetings held by Martin McGuinness and the Provisional IRA. The news conference did not take place before Bloody Sunday. It was held in the back room of a disused house towards the Brandywell. Mr McGuinness spoke about tactics if the Army tried to take back the Bogside.
The informal meetings with the Provisionals would be a street event or encountering people on the pavement. There may have been exchanges between reporters and people he understood to be speaking for the IRA in the Bogside or in the Creggan.
Mr Wade had no direct communication with either wing of the IRA before or after Bloody Sunday about what happened or what was going to happen on the day.
Mr Wade is not aware of the press conference held by the Provisionals and Officials on the day after Bloody Sunday. He remembers a statement issued on the evening of the shootings which was in the name of the OC of the Londonderry Brigade of the Provisional IRA and said that the IRA fighters had not been the first to shoot. Mr Wade said that he took this as an admission that they had been shooting which is why he wrote about a gun battle the next day.
3.1.2
Magilligan beach
Mr Wade’s first experience of the parachute regiment had been at Magilligan beach, the week before Bloody Sunday. He said that the paras had driven the marchers into the sea. Mr Wade recalls the paras firing baton rounds into the chests of marchers at very short distances and the Regiment’s NCOs having to use riot sticks to control their own soldiers. One NCO beat one of his men so hard that the stick he was using to try and get him to disengage broke.
Mr Wade said that the marchers had been heading down the beach, parallel to the water. The paratroopers had appeared suddenly from behind a sand hill, run down the beach and continued to push them into at least knee-deep, possibly deeper water, with some threat they were going to push them further in. Mr Wade said that this was in the middle of January and it was a fairly dangerous situation. It seemed that the NCOs decided that this was the point at which they wanted to retake some control.
3.1.3
Assembly point
Mr Wade went to the assembly point in the Creggan. He said that there was talk amongst the press that the IRA had stayed behind to protect the Creggan. He said that the pressmen were struck by the numbers of people assembling and there was speculation that this would be an excellent opportunity to retake the area.
He saw four men sitting in a Ford Cortina at the assembly point and took them to be the IRA men who had stayed behind.
3.1.4
William Street
Mr Wade heard one shot as he passed the junction of William Street and Abbey Street. He said that the people around him heard it. He said it was a high velocity shot and he could not recall where it came from.
3.1.5
Rossville Street/Kells Walk
Mr Wade made his way to Free Derry Corner. He saw some strange activity going on in a gap in some derelict buildings. Two men were directing people in a suspicious way, trying to do so without drawing attention to themselves. He said that he took them to be IRA men clearing a field of fire. There was a canyon between the derelict buildings and there were a couple of fellows who were trying to be as inconspicuous as possible about urging people not to stand in front of them.
Mr Wade continued along Rossville Street towards Free Derry Corner. When he got opposite Kells Walk, he sensed movement behind him and turned around to see two or three armoured cars driving towards him at high speed.
3.1.6
Rossville Flats
Mr Wade said that he ran across the waste ground towards the forecourt of the Rossville Flats. He ran to the low wall which runs parallel to block 2 and then heard the shooting start. He saw paratroopers assuming positions behind the open steel doors of their vehicles.
He said that he had come under fire on other occasions in Nicaragua and Belfast and could never be certain, especially in a built up area, where a shot was going or coming from. He agreed that it would be extremely likely that there could have been an echo effect in the area of the Rossville Flats. He heard the sharp crack of high velocity rounds but is not clear where exactly that was coming from.
Mr Wade said that he could not say whether there had been any other fire. The next morning he wrote that there had been a ‘gun battle’ but he had based that on the IRA statement issued on the night which said that they had not been the first to shoot. He assumed throughout the firing that the bullets were going over the crowd. He did not imagine that people on the ground were targeted until he saw people hit.
3.1.7
South of the Rossville Flats
Mr Wade looked in the direction of the rubble barricade and saw two people who had been hit, lying on the ground, between his position and the barricade.
There was a lull in the firing and he turned his head left towards Free Derry Corner and saw someone come out of St Columb’s Wells, waving a white handkerchief. As soon as he came out, shooting began again. Mr Wade said that it seemed to him that at any time that anyone moved or made themselves obvious, the shooting began again.
3.1.8
Free Derry Corner
Mr Wade saw 3 or 4 people who had apparently been shot and were bleeding, being loaded into cars and driven off. He had no idea whether they were lightly or heavily wounded or even dead.
Then in front of Free Derry Corner, he heard more shooting. With about 1000 others he went flat again for about 10 minutes.
The crowd tried to run towards Lecky Road but went down when there was more shooting. Mr Wade said that it seemed as if, whenever they got up, there was more shooting. It was impossible to tell where it was coming from but he sensed that the closest shots were from the Joseph Place flats, although it could have been an echo effect.
From the corner, he could see the men trying to bring out the casualty from the alley and steps behind Joseph Place. Every time their hands appeared above the brick wall, there was more shooting.
Mr Wade walked around the scene the next day. He said that at the time, he thought the shots could have come from the sandbagged position on the wall near the Walker monument.
At about 4:30pm he saw Simon Winchester who was standing on a grass bank under the city walls. He said that he had been shot at by a paratrooper.
3.1.9
Long Tower Church
Mr Wade was climbing up the steps to the Long Tower Church when he heard a rifle shot which sounded like it had been fired close to where he was standing. He, Simon Winchester and Anthony Fry took cover by crouching in front of the steps. Then, after a while, he climbed the steps and a middle aged man appeared holding a rifle which looked like a .22. The man fired three shots at Mr Wade’s group.
Mr Wade went inside the church and found about 25 people inside, who said that somebody was shooting at anyone who tried to get outside of the Bogside. The people had taken refuge inside the church.
3.1.10
Nail bombs
Mr Wade said that he saw and heard no nail bombs on the day.
3.2
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE FAMILIES AND THE WOUNDED
3.2.1
First shot
Mr Wade believes that the first shot he heard was a single shot. He cannot say whether he heard it as he made his way down William Street while he was in the body of the march or after he had withdrawn from the riot at barrier 14. Soon after that he was approached by a woman who said that a boy had been shot. This happened before he went up Rossville Street.
3.2.2
Rossville Street
Mr Wade said that the army vehicles came in not more than two or three minutes after he had seen the suspicious activity in the derelict buildings at the bottom of Rossville Street.
Mr Wade agreed to stand by what he had written in his article that there were still more than 1000 people in the area to the north of the Rossville Flats when the paras went in. He said that one of the exceptional things about the APCs coming across the ground was that the Army usually did not appear in that kind of strength in that place and certainly not at that speed. He said that a squadron of armoured cars approached at speed, less than 300 yards from the perimeter of the no-go area. It was a highly significant development, the consequences of which were impossible to predict at that instant. Mr Wade said that shots broke out about 20 seconds from the time he first saw the APCs.
Mr Wade was covered in purple dye from the water cannon and was conscious that the soldiers might think that he had been rioting. He did not hear any nail bombs or blast bombs at that time or throughout the day. He does not think that they could have been thrown without him hearing them.
Mr Wade did not hear a Thompson submachine gun and said that if he had he would have written about it in his newspaper report the next day. He said that he had heard a machine gun on previous occasions. He was familiar with the sound that they made.
Mr Wade did not see any civilian who was armed apart from the person at the Long Tower church.
3.2.3
Free Derry Corner
Mr Wade made his way to Free Derry Corner. He had the impression that anytime that a civilian made themselves conspicuous by movement, shots were fired at them or in that direction.
3.2
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF NICRA
3.3.1 Rossville Street
Mr Wade said that there may have been 10 minutes between him being drenched by the water cannon and the APCs coming into Rossville Street.
3.3.2
Newspaper report
Mr Wade said that he did not write the headline of his article that was published in the Daily Telegraph the next day. The headline read ‘Leaders of the march lost control.’
3.4
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE SOLDIERS
3.4.1
Newspaper report
Mr Wade agreed that the first line of his article in the Daily Telegraph was ‘civil right’s stewards lost control of yesterday’s protest march.’ He agreed that his statement to the BSI said that the stewards had tried to keep the march orderly but had lost control of the head of the march when youths started to throw stones at the soldiers.
3.4.2
Press conferences
Mr Wade thinks that he attended news conferences after Bloody Sunday and before July 1972. He understood Martin McGuinness to be the Derry Brigade Commander. He said that it was a common assumption that Mr McGuinness was running the show for the Provisionals. Mr Wade said that he would meet members of the Provisional IRA for briefings and information. He said that people believed that they knew who the main characters were.
3.4.3
Weapons
Mr Wade said that nail bombs were commonplace in the city. He agreed that if he was anticipating a riot he would anticipate that nail bombs and petrol bombs would be used. He agreed that snipers operated from relative safety within the Bogside. He said that he had heard a Thompson submachine gun but he did not hear one on that day. He does not recall Simon Winchester mentioning hearing a Thompson.
3.4.4
Magilligan
Mr Wade said that people were picking up stuff from the beach and throwing it at the police/paratroop line. He said he found it hard to accept the notion that scores of people were wrestling and beating each other. This was not the case.
He was not aware of any casualties from the paras firing baton rounds at very close range.
Mr Wade said that he was not aware of any formal IRA propaganda campaign.
3.4.5
William Street
Mr Wade agreed that he had given a variety of versions on whether the first shot he heard was high velocity. He said that he did not know.
3.4.6
Rossville Flats
Mr Wade said that the impression he had at the time when he was lying on the ground was that there was some sort of battle going on overhead. The impression was confirmed in his mind by the IRA statement that evening.
He did not see paras jumping out of the APCs and immediately open fire. They did not hit the ground firing.
He has no recollection of rubber bullets being fired in the area of Rossville Street and the waste ground.
3.4.7
South of the Rossville Flats
The bodies he saw in front of the Rossville Flats were more in the open than the positions of Bernard McGuigan and Hugh Gilmore.
3.4.8
Long Tower Church
Mr Wade said that the Long Tower Church is on the same rise as the City Walls. He agreed that the gunman was a poor shot and pointed to his line of fire.
3.5
FURTHER QUESTIONS BY THE TRIBUNAL
3.5.1
Army briefing
Mr Wade does not recall an Army press briefing the night before Bloody Sunday at the City Hotel. He said that it is the sort of thing that did happen from time to time.
3.5.2
South of the Rossville Flats
Mr Wade said that
he had the impression that there was firing from the Joseph Place flats behind
him.
4
BRIAN CASHINELLA’S EVIDENCE
Brian Cashinella worked for the Times newspaper and had covered events in Northern Ireland since 1964.
4.1
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE TRIBUNAL
4.1.1
John Chartres
Mr Cashinella had
a conversation with his colleague John Chartres (now deceased) on the Friday
before Bloody Sunday. He said that
Mr Chartres told him that a big operation was planned for Sunday in Derry and
that the Parachute Regiment would be involved.
He thinks that Mr Chartres got this information from Lisburn HQ as he was
regularly having dinner there.
4.1.2
Barrier 14
Mr Cashinella was positioned behind barrier 14 and said that at about 3:30pm, the marchers arrived. When it became clear that they were not going to be let through, members of the crowd began to throw debris at the soldiers. He saw marchers trying to get those who were throwing debris to stop. Mr Cashinella said that the majority of the marchers moved away from the barrier and about 200 youths remained.
He said that for 20 to 25 minutes, the troops were under a constant barrage of stones, bottles, iron bars and iron grating. For quite a long period, the troops did not do anything. He recalls a CS gas canister coming from underneath the water tender but he did not know where it had come from. He said that there were several occasions when people went away and came back again. Shortly after seeing the gas coming from under the tender he saw another canister explode near the barrier in Waterloo Street. He said that on both occasions, the troops were caught unawares and were not wearing gas masks.
The crowd that returned to the barrier after the dye was sprayed was much smaller. It was composed of mostly teenagers. Many were wearing handkerchiefs around their faces. The stoning went on for several minutes. The soldiers replied with a volley of rubber bullets. He said that his memory is that rubber bullets were not used until after the water cannon was used. The stone throwers returned after the rubber bullets were fired, a few were hiding behind corrugated sheeting.
Mr Cashinella estimated that 60 or 70 rubber bullets were fired in total.
4.1.3
Paras entry
After the water cannon was used for a second time, about 50 paratroopers on foot, armed with wooden batons, climbed over the barrier and chased the youths up Chamberlain Street and down William Street. He does not recall seeing anyone climbing over the barrier with either a rifle or a rubber bullet gun.
The barriers were opened and he saw approximately 8 troop carriers drive through the barrier. Two drove up Chamberlain Street and the rest down William Street.
The crowd had seen the paras approaching the barrier and had run away. The crowd that had been throwing stones immediately before the paras entered varied from between 100 to 150.
Whilst this was happening, Mr Cashinella saw General Ford at the right hand side of the barrier. He was surrounded by military policemen and Mr Cashinella heard him say ‘go on the paras, go and get them.’ He recorded the entry of the APCs at 4:15pm.
4.1.4
Chamberlain Street
Mr Cashinella followed the soldiers down Chamberlain Street and heard about 30 seconds of rifle fire. He saw paras in the doorways of houses on the eastern side of the street with their rifles pointed towards the flats. He went past the first APC and was warned by paras to go back. He said that the soldiers warned him to go back and claimed there were snipers in the Rossville flats. One said ‘keep your bloody head down, there is a sniper up there.’
Mr Cashinella went back towards William Street and at some stage, saw Father Daly with Jack Duddy. He continued towards William Street and heard the second burst of firing which lasted about 15 seconds.
4.1.5
Colonel Wilford
Mr Cashinella noticed Colonel Wilford with a radio operator at the junction of Chamberlain Street and William Street. He remembers hearing Colonel Wilford saying ‘fire only single shots at identified targets - snipers or nail bombers or anyone threatening your life.’ He is certain that this happened at the top of Chamberlain Street.
4.1.6
Chamberlain Street/Rossville Street
He vaguely remembers a para captain telling him to be careful because a sniper had been reported in the attic of a three-storey building at the end of Chamberlain Street and the junction with William Street. He said that he talked to people later and they did not find anyone in that building. He ran towards Rossville Street and saw 30 arrested people towards Little James Street. There was one woman in the group and they had their hands clasped above their heads and were lined up against a wire fence.
4.1.7
Rubble barricade
Mr Cashinella saw three men lying on the rubble barricade. There were a number of soldiers in the vicinity who were aiming their rifles and looked as if they were looking after themselves. The bodies on the barricade were facing the direction of the soldiers. Mr Cashinella did not see any weapons on the barricade. Civilians told him to leave the barricade and he made his way back towards barrier 14. He saw another group of detainees being held at the junction of William Street and Prince Arthur Street.
4.1.8
Colonel Wilford and General Ford
Colonel Wilford was still at the junction of Chamberlain street and William Street. Mr Cashinella hear him saying ‘you must identify a target before firing.’ He said that he heard this on more than two occasions. He thought that this was said for the benefit of the assembled media because the firing had stopped some time before.
General Ford came up from the bottom of William Street and joined Colonel Wilford. Colonel Wilford said that his troops had killed two snipers and was at pains to point out that at least one of his soldiers had been injured by an acid bomb.
General Ford said that the army had launched a three-pronged arrest operation and had intended to net around 200 rioters but a technical hitch had caused a delay and he had only been able to make 60 or 70 arrests. (Mr Cashinella said that he had reported this as being said by Colonel Wilford but in fact he thinks that it was General Ford.)
4.1.9
English photographer
Mr Cashinella
said that an English photographer who said he was working for a national daily
came into the City Hotel later in the day and said ‘I was appalled, they
opened up into a crowd of people. As
far as I could see they did not fire over people’s heads at all.’
4.1.10
Briefing at Lisburn
Mr Cashinella was interviewed for a television documentary a few years ago. In the interview, Mr Cashinella described going to the army mess at Lisburn and being briefed about what was going to happen in Derry on Sunday.
He said that the Army made it clear that the march on Sunday was actually going to be something rather special from the Army’s point of view. Mr Cashinella said that he thinks that they were trying to get rid of the ‘no-go’ areas. He said that it was clearly a precursor to reclaiming Free Derry. He said that whilst this was not spelt out, it was indicated that that was what it was all about. He said that it was clear from conversations that he had that Free Derry was politically unacceptable to the Government in London and very embarrassing to the Army in Northern Ireland and that they were going to do something about it – to get rid of the no-go areas.
Mr Cashinella knew that the Army had taken accommodation at the bottom of William Street to use as a command post. John Chartres was in the command post. He said that he did not think that this would involve the Army shooting people. The intelligence he received was that it would be a sort of mass arrest. They were going to get the ringleaders out because they were cocking a snook at the Army at the time.
4.2
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE FAMILIES AND WOUNDED
4.2.1
Nail bombs
Mr Cashinella said that he did not hear the sound of nail bombs when he was behind barrier 14 or in or around the vicinity of Butcher’s Gate.
4.2.2
Barrier 14
General Ford was standing near Mr Cashinella at barrier 14. He was encouraging the paras and was waving his stick. Mr Cashinella said that he did not see any para come under fire that day. He was terribly shocked when he heard that 13 people were dead and 14 people were injured. He said that he had seen nothing done to warrant that toll of death or injury.
He was shown a photograph of the debris on the ground around the barrier and said that this was not exceptional compared with other riots.
4.2.3
Praxis interview
Mr Cashinella said that from the army’s point of view this was to be a special day. He thinks that the paras were brought into deal with the ringleaders. He said that it was clear that Free Derry was totally unacceptable to the British Government in London and they were going to do something about it.
4.2.4
Colonel Wilford
He met Colonel Wilford and heard him giving orders to only fire at identifiable targets. On both occasions, all the firing had ceased.
The second occasion was after he had seen the bodies at the barricade. He said that at the time, the area seemed to be under the command of the Army. He agreed that he would not have felt safe to go back to William Street and expose himself to potential gunfire if it was still continuing. The civilians appeared to be moving towards the bodies at the barricades and he did not actually see them reach the bodies.
Mr Cashinella returned and talked to Colonel Wilford and General Ford arrived. He thinks that the information regarding the two people shot at the barrier came from Colonel Wilford. He does not think that General Ford, at that point, knew what had happened.
Mr Cashinella said that he does not think that anyone was more shocked than Colonel Wilford. Everyone was astonished at the outcome. He thinks that Colonel Wilford honestly thought that there were 3 or 4 injured although suspected something rather greater had happened. He was fairly economical with what he was telling Mr Cashinella.
4.2.5
Shots
Mr Cashinella had served with the British Army in Malaya. He thinks that the shots he heard were single high velocity shots from an SLR.
4.2.6
Casualties
Mr Cashinella did not see the two men who were injured with acid bombs. He did not see any acid bombs, explosions or petrol bombs. He never saw any civilian gunmen throughout the day. He did not see any attacks on the military by any bombs or gunfire. The only casualties that he saw were civilian.
4.2.7
1991 interview
Mr Cashinella agreed that the sentiments he expressed in an interview in 1991 remained the same. In the interview he said that the paras had not set out to murder civilians but that is exactly what they did.
4.2.8
Attitudes picked up from Officers
Mr Cashinella said that the conversations he had in the mess at Lisburn were off the record and were with officers the rank of field officer, major and colonels.
He said that the impetus for the special action had come from London. He had had conversations with Brigadier Kitson, General Ford and Sir Harry Tuzo. The army intelligence officers had a very large propaganda machine which worked well with the press. It was generally acknowledged throughout the Army that Free Derry had become politically unacceptable to the British government. They had to solve the problem quickly. This was a precursor to Operation Motorman.
It was said that it would be worthwhile being at the march because something rather special was going to happen. This advice was given within two weeks of Bloody Sunday. He realised that the paras were going to be there five or six days before.
4.2.9
Attitudes picked up from the paras
Mr Cashinella said that it was normal tactics to hype soldiers up rather like a manager would hype up his football team before a football game.
His report of 1st February said that the paras seemed to relish their work and their eagerness manifested itself in shouting, cursing and ribald language. Most of them seemed to regard the Bogsiders and people who took part in the parade as legitimate targets of batons and guns. Mr Cashinella said that he had written this because of the way that the paras went over the barricade. Their entire attitude was one of ‘let us sort this thing out.’
4.2.10
Reaction in London
Mr Cashinella said that the reaction of members of Government in London was one of shock and horror. They did not anticipate anything like this and they were amazed and saddened by it.
4.2.11
Impromptu press conference
Mr Cashinella had talked to General Ford and Colonel Wilford at the impromptu press conference. He thinks that he got the feeling that Colonel Wilford suggested the soldiers were fired on after they went in.
Nothing was said about a shot hitting the Presbyterian Church.
4.3
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF NICRA
4.3.1
Barrier 14
While he was at barrier 14, the stewards had some success. The majority of the crowd had left on their instructions. He does not know who ordered the water cannon. It would be a senior officer on the scene.
A woman had said that she thought the Army should have allowed more time for the stewards to disperse the crowd.
4.4
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE SOLDIERS
4.4.1
John Chartres/Lisburn briefing
Mr Cashinella said he is really not certain whether he had been told the paras would be involved before he went to Lisburn. He suspects that he had because it seemed to him that the whole of the press corps knew as well.
He thinks that John Chartres initially told him that the paras would be used. By the weekend of Bloody Sunday, all the press knew what was going on, which is why all the press were there. Normally people would not come from Belfast to cover civil rights marches in Derry. Mr Cashinella agreed that the nature of the event would be confrontational and huge.
Mr Cashinella said that he did not know whether he mentioned the meetings at Lisburn to anyone before the Praxis interview. If he had been asked about them he would have said so. There was no indication at the Lisburn meetings how strong the line was that would be taken. Generally, they were going to be tough on what was likely to happen on Bloody Sunday.
Mr Glasgow suggested that Mr Cashinella exaggerated his evidence to please whoever he was giving evidence to.
4.4.2
Barrier 14
In his evidence to Lord Widgery, Mr Cashinella recalled that IRA slogans were shouted at the Army by the rioters. He said that he had not been asked about this when he had given a statement to the BSI.
He agreed that sending in a lightly armed snatch squad is consistent with an attempt to ensure there had been a separation of rioters and marchers before the arrest squads were sent in. He agreed that what he saw at the barrier was consistent with the attempt by a senior officer to ensure that the operation was delayed long enough to ensure that those who were arrested were rioters not marchers.
4.4.3 The
Times report
Mr Cashinella reported in the Times that there was at least one gunman in the Rossville Flats. He said that this was what he had been told by the troops on the ground.
4.4.4
Arrestees
Mr Cashinella saw a number of groups who had been arrested and agreed that he saw no ill treatment of those he had seen arrested.
4.4.5
Colonel Wilford
Mr Cashinella agreed it is possible that he could have confused a shouted order with someone speaking onto a radio.
4.4.6
Praxis interview
In the Praxis interview, it is suggested that the soldiers were saying that this was some of the heaviest gunfire they had come under. Mr Cashinella had said that this was absolute rubbish. There was a fair amount of gunfire in the Bogside but not a lot in relation to what he had previously heard in Belfast. He gave a rough estimate of 200 to 300 shots being fired.
4.4.7
Chamberlain Street
Mr Cashinella agreed that there was no doubt that from what the soldiers were saying and doing, they believed there was a sniper. He did not get a good look at the Rossville flats and could not see all the flats.
4.5
FURTHER QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE TRIBUNAL
4.5.1
Martin McGuinness
Mr Cashinella said that he would phone Derry 6 and ask for the gasworks in order to contact Martin McGuinness. He was not aware of any pressmen having contact with Mr McGuinness in connection with Bloody Sunday.
4.5.2
Gerald Seymour’s film clip
Mr Cashinella said that the voice which can be heard shouting ‘don’t fire back until you have identified a positive target’ on film footage is not the same voice that he had heard shouting a similar order.
5
BOBBY HEATLEY’S EVIDENCE
Mr Heatley was a member of the Communist League and the press officer for the Belfast Civil Rights Association. He was not a member of the NICRA executive committee.
5.1
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE TRIBUANL
5.1.1
Lord Fenner Brockway
Mr Heatley said that he had contacted Lord Fenner Brockway and looked after him on the day. He collected Lord Brockway and Joan Hymans, his secretary from Belfast airport.
On the journey to Derry, Mr Heatley asked Lord Brockway whether he was happy to be coming to Derry. Lord Brockway said that he had spoken to Lord Windlesham, a junior minister at the Home Office, prior to his departure. Lord Windlesham assured him that it was fine to go. (Lord Brockway’s statement to the Widgery Inquiry said that he had agreed to attend the meeting on condition that he did not attend the march.)
5.1.2
Stewards
Mr Heatley made his way to Bridget Bond’s house. (Bridget Bond was a leading member of the Derry CRA.) It was his understanding that the arrangements with the stewards had all been sorted out and there were no problems in that respect.
Mr Heatley said that he did not hear anyone complaining of the lack of stewards. He said that it was difficult to say whether there were many stewards because some did not want to wear armbands for fear of being arrested afterwards in case they could be identified in photographs.
5.1.3
Free Derry Corner
Lord Brockway and Ms Hymans got on the platform. Mr Heatley stood close to the platform. He does not think that the speakers had been introduced when the firing started. He heard zinging noises which sounded like large mosquitoes. They were the first shots he heard that day. People started running towards where he was standing behind the platform.
Mr Heatley heard firing and decided to get Lord Brockway away from Free Derry Corner. He tailed along with a group of people who he thought were going to the Creggan. He does not remember whether Michael Havord (the publicity officer of the Derry CRA) was with them. Mr Havord’s statement puts Lord Brockway and the group with him in Westland Street. Mr Heatley said that he would not dispute Mr Havord’s account because he was a local man and would know the area.
5.1.4
Westland Street
Mr Heatley found a house with a telephone and Lord Brockway made a call to London. There were other non-residents in the house. After a period of less than 2 hours, Mr Heatley decided to leave Lord Brockway with Father Daly, who had come into the house.
In the time that he spent inside the house, he had not heard shooting. Mr Heatley does not recall the incident that Lord Brockway spoke about in his evidence to Lord Widgery of hearing two shots and someone saying ‘that will be the provos.’
5.1.5
Bogside
Mr Heatley came down the hill towards the Bogside and said that he saw 5 young lads wearing anoraks. Each had a rifle and all, except one, made no effort to hide their rifles. He said that it seemed the group had gathered together rather hastily. They seemed to be in a state of expectancy, wondering what they would do. He does not recall seeing a car and said that the men were on foot.
5.2
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE FAMILIES AND WOUNDED
5.2.1
Free Derry Corner
Mr Heatley said that the shots that he heard were all of the one type.
Mr Heatley did not get on the platform. Lord Brockway, Joan Hymans, Bernadette Devlin and Rory McShane were on the platform. He said that he first knew something was wrong when the crowd started to panic and he heard bullets. Lord Gifford said that Lord Brockway’s statement suggests that there had been some people running towards Free Derry Corner before any shooting. Mr Heatley agreed that his own view would have been limited by the crowd around him.
5.3
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF NICRA
5.3.1
Lord Brockway
Lord Brockway said he wanted to phone the Home Office. Mr Heatley said that he did not know who he had spoken to. He had not listened to the conversation. There were other people in the house and quite a lot of discussion.
Mr Heatley said that very little discussion took place on the drive back to Belfast airport.
5.3.2
London demonstrations
Mr Heatley said that he had taken part in many demonstrations in London, particularly anti-nuclear activity with the Committee of 100. He had engaged in civil disobedience such as blocking roads. He said that the worst that had happened to him was that he would be arrested and fined. He said that he returned to Northern Ireland with that frame of mind and had a culture shock when NICRA tried to hold what he regarded as fully legitimate demonstrations.
5.4
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE SOLDIERS
5.4.1
Free Derry Corner
Mr Heatley said that he cannot recall any shooting prior to the zinging noises that he heard. He said that he is aware that Lord Brockway made public statements to the effect that he did not consider that the meeting was being shot at. Mr Heatley said that there was no attempt to shoot the people on the platform.
5.4.2
Civilian gunmen
Mr Heatley said that the young men had hoods on their anoraks rather than balaclavas. It was some hours after the shooting had stopped . They were static when he saw them and seemingly determining what they would do.
6
DEIRDRE BROWN’S EVIDENCE (nee RIGNEY)
Mrs Brown was 16 years old at the time of Bloody Sunday.
6.1
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE TRIBUNAL
6.1.6
Rossville Street
Mrs Brown was halfway down Rossville Street when she heard someone shout ‘the army are shooting.’ People began running and Joe Mullan grabbed her hand and dragged her to the rubble barricade. She could hear shooting from behind her. Mrs Brown crossed the rubble barricade and saw a group of young men waiting on the southside of the barricade. She said that the young men did not seem to know that something was happening.
6.1.2
Free Derry Corner
Mrs Brown ran towards the east side of Free Derry Corner and turned into a small street. She thinks that it may have been McKeown’s Lane. She heard someone shout ‘Jesus, they are shooting from the walls.’ She and others dropped down at the same time she heard shooting coming from the walls. She lay down on the street and did not look up.
Mrs Brown lifted her head and as she turned her head back, she heard a whoosh and saw the mark of a bullet skip along the road causing a white friction mark on the road surface. The sound coincided with the mark on the ground. Whilst she was lying on the ground, the cracking of bullets was continuous. All the bullets were coming from overhead on the walls.
6.2
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE SOLDIERS
6.2.1
Free Derry Corner
Mrs Brown heard a whooshing noise rather than the bang of a gun. She believed that the mark she saw beside her was associated with the whooshing noise that she had heard. She agreed that the bullet must have come down between 2 rows of houses. She did not see any bullets other than this one.
7
JOHN BIERMAN’S EVIDENCE
John Bierman was a reporter for the BBC. There were two BBC teams covering the march. Mr Bierman worked with Cyril Cave , the cameraman and Jim Deeney the sound recordist. Peter Stewart was in charge of the second BBC team.
7.1
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE TRIBUNAL
7.1.1
Start of the march
Mr Bierman took the footage of the children playing in the playground before the march had started. He said that there were people shouting the usual obscenities about the Army and the RUC. He said that it was clear that there was a lot of feeling against the policy of internment.
A member of the CRA told Mr Bierman that he was concerned that the ‘hooligan element’ would become very difficult to control when the march encountered the main barricades that had been erected by the Army at William Street. He said that he noticed the ’hooligan element’ near the top of the procession from whom the trouble would be expected.
7.1.2
William Street/Columbcille Court
Mr Bierman said that people asked him to go to Columbcille Court because two men had been wounded by gunfire . He had not heard any rifle fire before that. One section of the crowd was jostling him and he got separated from his crew. He believed that it was because he was from the BBC and seen as a representative of the flag.
Mr Bierman said that two men appeared, one of them was wearing a trench coat. He took them to be IRA officers because they had a general bearing of authority and seemed to have some sort of respect among the mob.
7.1.3
Barrier 14
Mr Bierman said
that his 1972 evidence that rubber bullets were used after the water cannon is
probably correct.
7.1.4
Chamberlain Street
Mr Bierman saw a para run from the north of Chamberlain Street to the junction of Eden Place and Chamberlain Street and face south down Chamberlain Street. He was not conscious of army vehicles around or any civilians in Chamberlain Street.
Mr Bierman could hear a voice coming from Chamberlain Street saying ‘hold your fire’ and he saw Father Daly with a group of men who were carrying the body of Jack Duddy. Mr Bierman said that a para ran forward and his body language suggested that he was trying to help. He did not think that it was an aggressive move on the part of the para.
7.1.5
Kells Walk
Mr Bierman saw paras in the Kells Walk area. They were taking shelter in the sense that when a platoon moved, some of the guys would take cover while others would move and they would leap frog each other. They were not cowering or hiding. He heard three or four live shots, then a period of silence, then a few more shots. He was not able to distinguish any of the individuals firing.
There was a wide expanse of waste ground. The firing was coming from the direction that the Army had come from. He was not conscious of fire going in the opposite direction.
7.1.6
Rubble barricade
Mr Bierman passed the rubble barricade and stopped on the south side of blocks 1 and 2 of the Rossville Flats. He did not see any bodies until he got to the front of the flats. He saw two or three bodies on the ground and filmed the scene. He thinks that it may have been the bodies of Hugh Gilmore and Barney McGuigan.
7.1.7
Father Daly and General Ford
Mr Bierman saw Father Daly again. He started to interview him and was only able to do so after a volley of shots had come apparently from south down Rossville Street.
After he had finished the interview and got footage of 3 or 4 bodies, he walked up Chamberlain Street and filmed an interview with General Ford.
7.1.8
Sequence of events
An issue arose as to when Mr Bierman’s team stopped filming and went inside a lady’s house on Harvey Street in order to change the magazine of their film. Mr Bierman said that he is pretty certain that he did not hear any live ammunition until after he had gone into a lady’s house and he had gone inside to recover from the CS gas.
Mr Clarke put the evidence of Cyril Cave and Jim Deeney to Mr Bierman. Cyril Cave’s evidence is that after he had filmed Father Daly and the group carrying Jack Duddy up Chamberlain Street, he ran out of film. He asked a lady in Harvey Street if he could change his magazine and she brought them a cup of tea. Mr Cave said that they were in her house for 5 to 8 minutes. Jim Deeney said that they went inside the house after they had filmed Father Daly’s group and the activities on the waste ground. Mr Bierman said that he thinks the sequence was the other way around. He said that if he had heard live firing, he would never have gone indoors to have a cup of tea.
7.1.9
Actuality footage
Mr Bierman was asked questions about the footage his crew had filmed. He edited all the film from the two BBC crews and said that he thinks the film is in sequence.
Mr Bierman does not recall seeing the soldier outside the Bookmakers shop, firing down Chamberlain Street. He recalls him in the firing position.
There is a very short clip of soldiers running across the wasteland. Then Father Daly can be seen walking up the street with the group carrying Jack Duddy.
Then there is footage of some prisoners. There are a series of bangs which Mr Bierman thinks sound more like baton rounds rather than rifle fire.
Part of the footage shows a piece of cloth with blood and a stone with blood on it. Mr Bierman said that this might have been a picture of the rubble barricade. Although he said that there was a lot of rubble strewn across the open area. In his statement to the Widgery Inquiry, Mr Bierman described moving to the rubble barricade and youths showing him a pool of blood on a stone which he filmed. He said that he later learned William Nash had been killed there. At the Widgery Inquiry, Mr Bierman said that he had filmed the bloodstain. He agreed that this would seem to confirm that the blood seen in the film clip was the one on the rubble barricade.
The covered body of Barney McGuigan can be seen with people around it. There are suddenly shots and screams and a man kneels down by Barney McGuigan’s body and stretches his arms out. Mr Bierman said that there were live rounds coming from the direction that all the firing had come from.
7.2
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE FAMILIES AND WOUNDED
7.2.1
Sequence of events
Mr Harvey suggested that Mr Bierman had run two separate instances into one and had transposed the time he went into the lady’s house to the time before he went to find the two injured men in Columbcille Court. He said that Mr Bierman’s evidence to Lord Widgery suggested that they had changed the film after filming Father Daly’s group.
Mr Harvey said that there appears to be a gap in the film after Jack Duddy’s body is brought down because by the time Mr Bierman got to the rubble barricade, the three bodies had been removed.
7.2.2
No justification for army fire
Mr Bierman said that he did not hear the sound of nail bombs or blast bombs or machine gunfire at any time. He said that if he had recorded the sound of machine gun fire he would have used it.
He said that he was astonished when he learned that 13 people were dead and 14 were wounded. He said that they were British citizens being killed on the streets of a British city. He had grown to expect this in far-flung colonial places but not in the UK. He did not see anything which would have justified the Army firing.
Mr Bierman had done his national service in the Royal Marines. He was familiar with gunfire and the directions of gunfire. The shots he heard were of the same type and seemed to come from the same direction.
Mr Bierman agreed that throughout the afternoon, he had moved through most of the areas over which the activities took place. During the movements, he did not see any civilian doing anything that would have attracted aggressive action. He did not see any injured soldiers. He did not see any damage to any of the military vehicles by gunfire or by bombs. The majority of soldiers were armed with rifles rather than batons. Most of them were in fighting trim rather than riot control.
7.2.3
Rubble Barricade
Mr Bierman said that he got the information about William Nash afterwards. He cannot recall who told him. Information was coming in from all sides and it was all very chaotic. The blood on the rubble barricade was on the north and the right hand side of the barricade.
7.2.4
General Ford
In his 1972 statement, Mr Bierman said that when he interviewed General Ford he stated that only three rounds had been fired. Mr Bierman quickly got the impression that he was being economical with the truth. He said that it was conceivable that General Ford was not being informed but hard to believe that he did not know what was going on.
7.2.5
BBC television crew
Mr Bierman agreed that the task of a journalist in charge of a BBC camera crew was different to someone reporting for a newspaper. A newspaper journalist had the responsibility of recording as accurately as possible so as to be able to report after. A camera team had to make snap decisions as to where they should go to get the best pictures.
7.2.6
Barrier 14
Mr Bierman said that he had seen many occasions when stones were thrown in far greater quantities when the troops have remained steadily and commendably behind their shields.
7.3
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE SOLDIERS
7.3.1
Press awareness
Mr Bierman said that he only arrived in Derry the morning of the march. He did not attend the press conference at the City Hotel and was not at the briefing that Mr Cashinella had spoken of.
The first intimation he had that it was anything more than another Northern Ireland riot was when a press officer in the Anglian Regiment told Mr Bierman that it was going to be pretty hot on the marchers’ side.
7.3.2
Justification for fire
Mr Bierman knew of nothing that had led to the shooting or nothing that would justify or explain the firing that was coming from the Army’s side.
7.3.2
Sequence of events
Mr Bierman thinks that the break in filming came before he had seen Father Daly and the group carrying Jack Duddy. He would not have gone into a house for a cup of tea after seeing Jack Duddy’s body. He remained on the scene thereafter.
He agreed that if he had just come out from the lady’s house and seen the group carrying Jack Duddy, he would have heard or seen nothing which could explain how Mr Duddy had come to be shot. Mr Bierman had not heard the fire that had led to the incident. He was not aware of the soldiers going through the barrier. He was not on the scene when the soldiers went into the waste ground. Those sequences were filmed by the other BBC team.
7.4
FURTHER QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE TRIBUNAL
7.4.1
Eden Place
Mr Bierman can be seen in the photograph which shows Majella Doherty and Charles McMonagle running from Chamberlain Street . He has no recollection of seeing the two Knights of Malta running from Eden Place to the other side of the waste ground.
8
FRANK ELIOT’S EVIDENCE
8.1
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE TRIBUNAL
8.1.1
Rossville Flats
Mr Eliot was on the balcony of one of the Rossville Flats. He heard about 20 single shots in the course of three minutes. It was not machine gun fire.
Mr Eliot saw two bodies on the ground in the car park. There was a blanket covering one of the bodies. There were about 30 people in the car park at this time. He did not see anyone in the car park, confronting the soldiers. He did not see any missiles thrown at the soldiers.
Mr Eliot has no recollection of anybody on the roofs of the Rossville Flats.
8.1.2
Letter to the Widgery Tribunal
Mr Eliot had written to the Widgery Tribunal. He said that he got word back some time later from the Widgery Tribunal to say that similar evidence was made available to the Tribunal from other witnesses, so they would not be calling him.
In the letter he describes seeing a bald headed man being hit over the head with the barrel of a rifle a few times. The man was lifted and put back into the truck. 10 minutes later, he saw him being photographed.
8.1.3
City Hotel
Mr Eliot saw Martin Lewis’s report on TV. It made him angry because it suggested that soldiers had been fired on by gunmen and that three ‘terrorists’ had been reported dead. He went to confront Mr Lewis at the City Hotel.
Mr Eliot agreed that, from his own knowledge, he did not know whether gunmen had in fact fired first. He said that, he was in no doubt, as were 100% of the people who were there that the Army fired the shots.
8.2
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE FAMILIES AND WOUNDED
8.2.1
Rossville Flats
In his 1972 statement, Mr Eliot refers to seeing two men dead but does not mention seeing a person covered with a blanket. He agreed that he could have confused the image of what he saw with an image he had seen on TV.
8.3
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE SOLDIERS
8.3.1
Rossville Flats
Mr Eliot agreed that the Rossville Flats would be a good place for snipers to operate from.
Timetable of
proceedings
Tuesday 8 para 1 to 3
Wednesday 9 para 4 to 6
Thursday 10 para 7 to 8
For Peace Justice & Human Rights
