|
|
30 APRIL - 3 MAY 2001
This week, the Tribunal heard evidence
about shots fired towards Free Derry Corner and from the city walls.
George McKinney, the brother of William
McKinney, gave evidence to the Tribunal. Harry
McBride spoke about civilian gunmen he had seen in the Bogside on occasions
before Bloody Sunday. Evidence
about civilian gunmen in the Westland Street area was also heard.
A full transcript of proceedings is
available at http://www.bloody-sunday-inquiry.org.uk
1
JAMES COYLE’S EVIDENCE
1.1
QUESTIONS
ON BEHALF OF THE TRIBUNAL
1.1.1
Free
Derry Corner
Mr Coyle took cover in a long trench of a building site near Free Derry Corner. He heard the whine of two bullets with an interval of 20 seconds between them. Mr Coyle think that the bullets were fired from the city walls because of the sound that they made as they past him.
1.2
QUESTIONS
ON BEHALF OF THE SOLDIERS
1.2.1
Free
Derry Corner
Mr Coyle said that he had not heard any shooting before he heard the two shots that were fired. He said that he had heard others around him talking about hearing live shots.
2 JOHN COYLE’S EVIDENCE
2.1
QUESTIONS
ON BEHALF OF THE TRIBUNAL
2.1.1
William
Street
Mr Coyle saw a couple of soldiers at the electricity sub station in William Street. He moved to the lower end of William Street and stopped in a doorway of McAteer’s Travel Agency. Mr Coyle saw three soldiers, two were positioned in the parapet above McCool’s shop and one was between McCool’s shop and the City Picture House.
2.1.2
Free Derry Corner
Mr Coyle heard a single loud crack of
gunfire just as Bernadette Devlin was introducing Lord Brockway.
This was followed by another shot and then a lull and then a hail of
bullets. Mr Coyle said that the
first shot was louder than the others. Unlike
the other shots, he could tell that it came from the left, which would mean from
the general direction of the City Walls.
Mr Coyle felt a bullet go past his ear
in the Lecky Road and he made his way to a relative’s house at St Columb’s
Wells.
2.1.3
St Columb's Wells
Mr Coyle said that he saw Dr McCabe and
another man helping someone who had been injured.
He did not see any actual injury to the person that Dr McCabe was with.
Some time later Dr McCabe came back.
He noticed that Dr McCabe had blood on his hands and sleeve and asked
what had happened. Dr McCabe
said ‘do not talk to me, they would not let my car past Bishop’s Street.’
Mr Coyle said that he did not know whether Dr McCabe was with the injured
man when he was stopped at Bishop Street. He
did not know where Dr McCabe had been trying to go when his car was stopped.
Mr Coyle said that he did not know why
he had not mentioned seeing Dr McCabe in his 1972 statement. He said that he had been asked to elaborate on his account
when he gave a statement to the BSI team.
2.2
QUESTIONS
ON BEHALF OF THE SOLDIERS
2.2.1
St
Columbs Wells
Mr Coyle said that the first time he saw Dr McCabe that day was when he was assisting a man along the street. He said that 20 to 30 minutes later he saw Dr McCabe again with blood on his hands.
Mr Coyle said that the statement he made
in 1972 was made in a hurry. It was
the BSI who had asked him to elaborate on his evidence.
He said that he could not comment on why Dr McCabe had not mentioned an
injured man in his statement.
2.2.2
1972
statement
Mr Coyle does not remember who took his
statement in 1972. He said that he
cannot remember whether he had told the statement taker about seeing Dr McCabe.
2.2.3
Free
Derry Corner
Mr Coyle remembers hearing a single shot and cannot recall whether the crowd looked around in the direction that the shot seemed to come from. The first shot that he heard came from a different direction to the volley of shots that he heard later.
3
CHARLES
GALLAGHER’S EVIDENCE
3.1
QUESTIONS
ON BEHALF OF THE TRIBUNAL
3.1.1
William Street
Mr Gallagher said that he heard a shot
when he was on William Street and thought that it had come from the Abbey Taxis
building. He said that he was
surprised that there was no reaction by the crowd to the sound of the shot.
3.1.2
Rubble
barricade
Mr Gallagher saw one of his brothers with William McKinney at the rubble barricade. He thinks that Mr McKinney had a camera and may have been taking photographs. There was nothing happening at the barricade at this point.
3.1.3
Free
Derry Corner
Mr Gallagher positioned himself at the junction of Rossville Street and Fahan Street West and went to the edge of the crowd to give himself a means of escape. He said that he was expecting the usual water cannon and soldiers coming in and baton charge.
Mr Gallagher saw people on part of the walls that run parallel with Magazine Street Upper. He did not see any weapons or flashes. He said that two or three shots rang out and he thought that they came from the city walls. He said that the shots could have come from anywhere along the walls.
3.1.4
Fahan
Street West
Mr Gallagher moved into Fahan Street West. He thought that something might happen and someone might fire back from the crowd. He did not have any reason to believe that anyone in the crowd might be armed.
After the shots, the crowd started to panic and ran in all directions away from the Army. He cannot remember which direction the people who were in the east ran to.
He heard APCs revving and coming in.
He had the impression that there were not a lot of soldiers.
Mr Gallagher has a general memory of soldiers’ shooting blatantly in
the open in the Pilot Row/Eden Place waste ground.
He said that he remembers one soldier who did not seem to be doing things
right. He seemed to be shooting
recklessly. His demeanour suggested
he was firing a rifle.
The soldiers were standing out in the
open and they fired about 30 to 50 shots. He
felt that the shooting might be coming from the walls as well as Rossville
Street.
3.2
QUESTIONS
ON BEHALF OF THE FAMILIES AND WOUNDED
3.2.1
City
Walls
Mr Gallagher said that he thinks that the shots were fired from the city walls. He has a clear memory of looking up Rossville Street and seeing the APCs coming in. He feels that the shots from the walls were minutes before the arrival of the APCs.
3.3
QUESTIONS
ON BEHALF OF THE SOLDIERS
3.3.1
William
Street
Mr Gallagher said that William Street was fairly crowded. He was surprised that there was no reaction when he heard a single shot. He did not understand why there was no reaction.
3.3.2
Free
Derry Corner
Mr Gallagher said that he got the impression that he heard high velocity shots rather than rubber bullets when he saw the APCs. He felt that something was going on at the walls and there had been a shot or shots fired before the APCs arrived.
Mr Gallagher said that he could see the
front of Rossville Flats but not the back.
He said that the shots seemed to come from ground level rather than the
flats. He agreed that he could not
be really certain where the shooting was coming from.
4 DOMINIC O’DONNELL’S EVIDENCE
Mr O’Donnell was 11 years old at the time of Bloody Sunday. He went on the march with his mother and sister.
4.1
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE TRIBUNAL
4.1.1
Free
Derry Corner
Mr O’Donnell heard three of four sharp cracks. He said that he has a very clear picture of bullet hitting the wall above Bernadette Devlin’s head. He was aware of the wall breaking above Ms Devlin’s head. At the time, he thought that the bullets were fired from the city walls. The Army were always on the walls and it was natural to expect shooting coming from that area. He had seen soldiers bobbing about the parapet that day.
On hearing the shots, some people near him lay on the ground. His first reaction was to climb on to a mound of clay to see what was happening. People shouted at him to get down and he then got down as low as he could. He said that he now thinks that the bullets could have been fired from anywhere.
Mr O’Donnell saw a ferrat scout car
and APCs travelling down Rossville Street.
He said that he has a clear picture of seeing a flash from the slatted
side of one of the APCs.
Mr O’Donnell panicked when he realised
that live rounds were being fired. He
could not see where the shots were being fired from.
4.1.2
St
Eugene’s cathedral
Mr O’Donnell reached St Eugene’s cathedral and tried to get through a barricade that was there. He said that the soldiers would not let him through the barricade. He saw an ambulance and watched the altercation between the soldiers and those who wanted the ambulance to go through. He went through a lady’s house to get around the soldiers.
4.2
QUESTIONS
ON BEHALF OF THE FAMILIES AND WOUNDED
4.2.1
Statements
Mr O’Donnell said that when he gave his statement in 1972, he was only asked about the precise area. He was not asked to elaborate in anyway and the sense of panic was still with him at the time. He said that the main points in his Eversheds statement have been locked in his mind.
Mr O’Donnell said that he had a vivid recollection of standing on the mound.
4.3
QUESTIONS
ON BEHALF OF THE SOLDIERS
4.3.1
Free
Derry Corner
Mr O’Donnell said that he is sure that he saw the shots hitting the wall at Free Derry Corner before the APCs travelling down Rossville Street. He was not aware which direction the people at Free Derry Corner were looking.
Mr O’Donnell could not say whether the
soldiers getting out of the APCs were firing rubber bullets.
5 HARRY McBRIDE’S EVIDENCE
5.1
QUESTIONS
ON BEHALF OF THE TRIBUNAL
5.1.1
Free
Derry Corner
Mr McBride said that Bernadette Devlin
was just beginning to speak when he heard shooting that sounded as though it was
coming from the direction of Rossville Street towards Free Derry Corner.
He took cover at a kerbstone slightly in front of the gable end of Free
Derry Corner.
5.1.2
Sightings of gunmen prior to Bloody Sunday
Mr McBride said that he frequently heard
shots on his way home from work. He
used to come down Fahan Street West past Glenfada Park.
He described the occasions when he had seen gunmen in the Bogside at
times before Bloody Sunday.
He recalled seeing a man firing a pistol
in Glenfada Park at the army in the waste ground.
The man would have been standing at ground level in the alleyway at the
northeast corner of Glenfada Park North.
On a number of occasions he saw someone
with a rifle in the same area. Once
the person with the rifle was lying flat on the ground.
On other occasions, they were standing.
Mr McBride had seen a man with a rifle
in Abbey Street. There were people
gathered around the man. He heard
shots after this but did not see the man discharge any bullets from the rifle.
Rioting was going on when he saw these
gunmen. The Army was on William
Street, so he assumed that the sound of the rifle was being discharged at the
Army.
On all of the various occasions that he
saw men with weapons, rioting was going on.
In the case of the men at the northeast corner of Glenfada Park North,
the rioting was going on in the area of the junction of Rossville Street and
William Street. In the case of the
man with the rifle in Abbey Street, the rioting was going on further north in
William Street.
Mr McBride said that a .303 rifle was
used in Abbey Street. The other
weapons looked a more modern type of rifle.
Mr McBride said that he did not know
whether there was any interaction between the gunmen and the rioters or whether
anything was done to ensure the gunmen did not put the rioters at risk.
He had never seen crowds of rioters make a line of fire for a gunman but
said that he assumed that it did happen.
5.1.3
St
Columb’s Wells
On Bloody Sunday, Mr McBride saw Ivan Cooper and moved to the north end of St Columbs Wells. He said that he had the clear impression that there was shooting from the city walls and was told by people that this was the case. He arrived at the impression that the shots were coming from the walls before people told him. He could hear an echo and the sound of fire to his right and in front of him.
Mr McBride said that at the start, the
firing was coming from Rossville Street. When
he was running towards the top of St Columbs Wells, the sound of firing was
different as if it was coming from his right and in front of him.
5.2
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE SOLDIERS
5.2.1
Sightings
of gunmen prior to Bloody Sunday
Mr McBride said that he had seen gunmen
before Bloody Sunday, twice in Glenfada Park and once in Abbey Street.
The sightings were between September and December 1971.
Other people accompanied the gunmen.
Mr McBride said that he thinks the people around the gunmen were
participating rather than just passing. Mr
McBride would not agree with Mr Glasgow’s suggestion that the people were
forming some kind of barrier around the gunmen.
He could not say what their aim was.
Mr McBride did not know any of the names
of the gunmen or the people around them. He
said that he had not mentioned these sightings when he gave his statement in
1972.
5.2.2
Firing
on Bloody Sunday
Mr McBride said that when he heard shooting on Bloody Sunday the noise appeared to be coming from Rossville Street and was directed at Free Derry Corner. He said that it sounded like automatic fire.
5.2.3
Free
Derry Corner
Mr McBride was shown a photograph of the scene at Free Derry Corner which showed people crouched in front of the platform and on the grass verges. He agreed that the people on the ground would have been able to see the city walls and were not, at that stage, sheltering from the walls.
6
GRAINNE LYNCH’S EVIDENCE
(nee O’DONNELL)
Grainne Lynch was 14 years old at the time of Bloody Sunday. She attended the march with her mother and brother (see para 4 above).
6.1
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE TRIBUNAL
6.1.1
Free Derry Corner
Mrs Lynch said that Bernadette Devlin had just introduced herself when she heard three distinct shots and saw the bullets hit the wall above Miss Devlin’s head. She said that she thought the shots had come from the walls as they had come from the left-hand side.
Mrs Lynch said that she looked up but did not notice any soldiers on the walls. She did not see any weapons or flashes. People were crouched around the lorry that formed the speaker’s platform at Free Derry Corner.
Mrs Lynch said that she remembers hearing Army trucks coming over Rossville Street. She does not remember shooting again until some time afterwards. Mrs Lynch ran away after the first shots. She reached the flat and about five minutes later heard more shots.
6.1.2
St Eugene’s cathedral
Mrs Lynch went to Lone More Road and across to St Eugene’s cathedral where she came across an Army barricade. She thinks that the soldiers at the barricade belonged to the parachute regiment because they were wearing purple hats and their uniform was different to the regular soldiers. Mrs Lynch said that their mannerisms were different to the local soldiers. The soldiers were shouting and swearing.
Mrs Lynch said that an ambulance drove up and was held at the barricade for 5 to 10 minutes. She remembers that a priest came and a vehicle behind that and the priest got out and spoke to the soldiers. She remembers it very clearly because she heard the priest cursing. The soldiers agreed to move the barrier once the priest shouted at them but they only allowed the ambulance through.
6.1.3
Civilian gunman
Mrs Lynch was asked about her mother’s 1972 statement in which she had described a civilian carrying an old-style gun who fired a shot in the air. The people around him had told him to put the gun away as he would draw fire from the Army. Mrs Lynch said that she is sure that her mother said the gunman had fired into the air.
6.2
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE SOLDIERS
6.2.1
Civilian gunman
Mrs Lynch said that she could not say with any degree of certainty which taxi office her mother was referring to in her 1972 statement when she described the civilian gunman.
6.3
FURTHER QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF
THE TRIBUNAL
6.3.1
Casualties
Mrs Lynch said that she heard people talking at the time about different casualties that did not go to hospital. She did not know whether they had been shot or had different injuries.
7
MICHAEL McLAUGHLIN’S
EVIDENCE
7.1
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE TRIBUNAL
7.1.1
Barrier 14
Before the first stones were thrown, the soldiers and police were standing together behind the barricade. He said that at the start there were not any exchanges. When the water cannon was fired, he ran towards Free Derry Corner.
7.1.1
Free Derry Corner
Mr McLaughlin stood near the lorry. At the moment that Bernadette Devlin was beginning to speak, he heard shots. He said that the shots sounded as though they came from 2 or 3 soldiers, each firing SLRs sporadically from along the city walls. He thinks that he could identify at least two spaced out firing positions along the walls.
Mr McLaughlin had been in the Territorial Army for 2 years and was able to recognise different weapons being fired. He did not see anybody on the walls or any flashes coming from the walls. He saw a bullet hit the wall just behind Bernadette Devlin’s head. He does not think that this shot came from the walls because of the angle of the walls. He believed that it came from the direction of Rossville Street. He agreed that the shots he thought that might have come from the walls could have been an echo. After he had seen the one or possibly two bullets hit the wall. Mr McLaughlin became aware of further shooting from the north. He looked to the north and could see people scattering. The APCs were starting to move in with soldiers running behind them.
7.1.2
Bogside Inn
Mr McLaughlin ran down the Lecky Road and hid behind the Bogside Inn. A car drove into the car park of the Bogside Inn at high speed and at least 4 men got out.
The men were carrying weapons. One young man was carrying an old Winchester rifle. Mr McLaughlin said that he told him to watch the Derry walls. He shielded the young man across from the Bogside Inn and walked with him up Westland Street. Mr McLaughlin said the man was going to take up a firing position to shoot across the Bog. One of the other men was carrying an automatic pistol and went in the same direction as the young man with the rifle. It was just starting to get to dusk. He could not be sure whether the shooting was still going on.
7.2
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE FAMILIES AND WOUNDED
7.2.1
Free Derry Corner
Mr McLaughlin agreed that there was a difference between the first and second shots in terms of where they had come from. He was taken by surprise by the first set of shots. There was a change in the sound and he was able to recognise the directions of the shots.
Mr McLaughlin said that he had no doubt that the shots were coming from two different directions rather than the different sounds being an echo.
7.3
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE
SOLDIERS
7.3.1
Shooting
Mr McLaughlin heard shots from his left which he deduced to have come from the walls. He thinks that he heard the shooting at Free Derry Corner and the bullet hit the wall above Bernadette Devlin’s head before he saw the APCs come into Rossville Street.
7.3.2
Bogside Inn
Mr McLaughlin did not hear any of the IRA men shoot at anybody or any shooting towards the IRA.
Mr McLaughlin said that he shielded the gunman because he was afraid of him getting shot from the Derry walls. He said that it was not obvious where the gunman was going. When he first saw the gunman he was glad to see him there and felt protective towards him. He said that he is sure that the gunman did not fire any shots.
7.3.3
1972 statement
Mr McLaughlin did not make a statement in 1972. He said that he did not want to waste the statement taker’s time because he had not seen people getting shot. He also said that at the time he did not have any faith in the Widgery Inquiry.
8
THOMAS BURKE’S EVIDENCE
8.1
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE TRIBUNAL
8.1.1
Free Derry Corner
Mr Burke heard a couple of high velocity shots from Rossville Street. Almost immediately afterwards there was a volley of about 5 high velocity shots from the walls. The combination of the sound of the shots coming from his left and the thud of bullets hitting the ground behind him led him to believe the shots came from the walls.
8.2
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE FAMILIES AND WOUNDED
8.2.1
Free Derry Corner
Mr Burke believes that one shot was coming from Rossville Street rather than the Flats. This corresponds with his 1972 statement.
8.3
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE SOLDIERS
8.3.1
City walls
Mr Burke said that the shots he heard could not have come from anywhere other than the city walls.
8.3.2
Barrier 14
Mr Burke said that he thinks the soldiers standing behind barrier 14 were wearing red berets. He recalls seeing several soldiers wearing the berets.
8.3.3
1972 statement
Mr Burke agreed that he did not refer to the bullets striking the ground near Free Derry Corner in his 1972 statement. He said that the angles of the shots meant that it would not have made sense for them to be fired from the vicinity of the Rossville Flats.
Mr Burke did not mention the injured lady he had seen at Free Derry Corner. He said that it had not occurred to him to tell the statement taker in 1972. His statement to the BSI was a much fuller account.
9
EAMONN DEANE’S EVIDENCE
9.1
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE TRIBUNAL
9.1.1
William Street
Mr Deane heard a single shot and then some women shouting that a young lad had been shot. He only heard one live round and heard rubber bullets before and after that. He said that he made the presumption that the shot had been fired from the top of the sorting office.
9.1.2
Free Derry Corner
Mr Deane reached Free Derry Corner at the point when Bernadette Devlin had just started to speak. He said that it is possible that Lord Brockway had just been introduced. Suddenly a volley of shots rang out. He said that there were two kinds of fire, automatic and single shots. The shooting was coming from the northern end of Rossville Street and the city walls. He said that he had the sense that he was caught in cross fire because the shots were coming from more than one direction.
9.1.3
Blucher Street
Mr Deane ran to Blucher Street. He met a group of 5 or 6 men, including Martin McGuinness. He said that he had the perception that Mr McGuinness was a senior member of the Provisional IRA and thought the men with him were republicans. None of the men were carrying weapons.
Mr Deane said that Mr McGuinness had asked him what was going on. He told Mr McGuinness that the ‘…Brits had come into the Bogside and were shooting people.’ His reaction was one of shock and disbelief. When he left the men they were looking down in the direction of Free Derry Corner and Rossville Street.
9.1.4
Bullet Holes
The day after Bloody Sunday, Mr Deane walked through Free Derry Corner and up Rossville Street. He said he remembers thinking that there should be bullet holes there, but with the exception of the three-penny bits, he did not see any.
9.2
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE FAMILIES AND WOUNDED
9.2.1
Shooting
Mr Deane agreed that he was not an expert on weaponry and said that he did not know that an SLR was capable of being put on an automatic setting.
9.2.2
Free Derry Corner
Mr Deane said that he remembers hearing screams and shouts including ‘they are coming in’ before the shots rang out. This corresponds with his 1972 statement.
9.3
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE SOLDIERS
9.3.2
Blucher Street junction
Mr Deane cannot remember whether Mr McGuinness said anything but he remembers him recoiling in shock. He had not seen Mr McGuinness earlier that day.
Mr Deane said that he was left with the clear impression that Martin McGuinness did not know what was happening in the Bogside. He agreed that he had not mentioned meeting Mr McGuinness or other republicans in his 1972 statement. Mr Deane said that he was aware of the Army claims hours after the shootings that they had been fired upon by IRA gunmen. He said that he did not think that this was significant at the time. The community knew the truth of the matter. Mr Deane said that it was nonsense to say that it had been more than his life was worth to mention Mr McGuinness in his statement.
9.3.3
Three-penny bits
Mr Deane recalls feeling surprised that there were not more bullet holes on the three-penny bits.
10
PETER McGRISKIN’S EVIDENCE
10.1
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE TRIBUNAL
10.1.1
Free Derry Corner
Mr McGriskin moved into the Rossville Flats car park and heard live gunfire coming from behind him. He heard 15 to 20 shots and assumed they were coming from the Rossville Street and William Street area. He moved towards Free Derry Corner and stopped for a rest when he heard another high velocity shot that he believed came from the walls because it came from his left.
10.1.2
IRA
Mr McGriskin saw 2 cars come from the direction of the Little Diamond down towards the bottom of the Bog. In each of the cars were 3 or 4 men who he recognised as members of the Official IRA. They got out of the cars and he watched them taking guns out from inside and from the boot of the front car. He recognised one gun as a Thompson.
He said that another group of 3 or 4 men who were Provisionals approached the group of Officials. They had an argument and then the Officials got back into their cars with their guns.
10.1.3
1972 statement
Mr McGriskin said that his 1972 statement, which he had hand-written, said that he had heard shots from ‘the walls’ and not ‘the wells’.
10.2
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE SOLDIERS
10.2.1
1972 statement
Mr McGriskin did not mention the IRA in the statement that he gave in 1972. He said that when he gave his original statement, he had not been asked about them and his evidence had only gone up to a certain point. He said that he would not have wanted to mention it.
10.2.2
Magilligan march
Mr McGriskin said that he had the impression that the soldiers pushed the marchers on the beach. He said that he did not see anything that he would describe as a serious or unusual in the way that the marchers were treated. He said that the video of the incidents at Magilligan showed the way that soldiers treated all marchers.
11
PEARSE DOHERTY’S EVIDENCE
11.1 QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE TRIBUNAL
11.1.1
Free Derry Corner
Mr Doherty heard shooting and thought that it was from the William Street area because people were running away from that direction.
When the shooting had died down, Mr Doherty could hear women whimpering. He helped the women get to out from underneath the platform.
11.1.2
Westland Street
Mr Doherty saw a blue or black car in the area of Westland Street, East Way and Lone Moor Road. The car stopped to allow Mr Doherty and his son to cross the road. The driver lowered his window and Mr Doherty could see two Lee Enfield rifles in the back of the car. Mr Doherty said to the driver ‘it is all over, you need not bother going down.’
11.2
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE FAMILIES AND WOUNDED
11.2.1
Automatic fire
Mr Doherty served in the Irish Army during the War. He said that he did not hear any automatic fire. The shooting that he heard was single-spaced.
11.3
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE SOLDIERS
11.3.1
Rossville Street
Mr Doherty said that the crowd only started to run after they had heard shots. He assumed the soldiers were still behind the barricade.
12
GEORGE McKINNEY’S EVIDENCE
George McKinney is the brother of William McKinney who was killed on Bloody Sunday.
12.1
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE TRIBUNAL
12.1.1
Barrier 14
Mr McKinney said that he thought that, compared to previous occasions, the Army seemed sparse to deal with a riot. He said that there were maybe only a dozen soldiers to deal with about 200 youngsters rioting. On previous occasions, he had seen maybe 2 or 3 times as many soldiers. He could see soldiers covering the soldiers who were dealing with the barricade.
He saw his brother, William McKinney at the junction of Rossville Street and William Street and spoke to him for 5 minutes. Mr McKinney went down Chamberlain Street, through the waste ground and back up to the junction of William Street and Rossville Street. He heard the roar of the APCs and said that everyone seemed to turn and run.
12.1.2
Previous arrest operations
Mr McKinney said that he had seen more than 50 arrest operations on previous occasions. They took place at the junction of Rossville Street and William Street. The soldiers would have been getting pelted with stones behind their shields and then every so often, 3 or 4 soldiers would leave their line and run after the rioters to try and catch them. They would run about 20 yards or less into Rossville Street. He had not seen vehicles being used in the course of these arrest operations. The soldiers would be armed with batons.
12.1.3
Rossville Street
Mr McKinney ran through the car park of the Rossville Flats and out through the passage between block 1 and 2. He heard the crack of live fire. He heard 3 or 4 shots and took cover behind the three-penny bits. Mr McKinney then heard a constant burst of single high velocity shots. The single shots were all grouped together. It was not automatic fire. The shooting was coming from Rossville Street.
When Mr McKinney looked up, the soldiers had already reached Kells Walk. He did not see anyone throwing stones from the barricade or any other form of aggressive action. He saw the soldiers on Rossville Street taking up position. Mr McKinney saw not more than a dozen soldiers at the Kells Walk wall and a further 3 or 4 around the middle of Rossville Street. There were 5 or 6 other soldiers behind them. Mr McKinney saw 6 or 7 soldiers firing. One soldier went down on one knee.
The shooting seemed to be from Kells Walk and across from the waste ground. The people taking cover at the gable end of Glenfada Park North were pointing towards the northern end of Block 1. He assumed that they were indicating that soldiers were shooting from that direction too.
12.2
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE FAMILIES AND WOUNDED
12.2.1
Patrick Doherty
Mr McKinney knew Patrick Doherty by sight. He saw Mr Doherty in Chamberlain Street. He said that Mr Doherty’s handkerchief was under his chin rather than over his face at this point.
Mr McKinney said that there were a lot of spectators at the bottom of Chamberlain Street. He did not see Mr Doherty performing any aggressive act.
12.2.2
Rossville Street
Mr McKinney said that from his position by the three-penny bits he could see all the way up Rossville Street and the gable wall of Glenfada Park North. He only had very short glimpses of the scene. He could see people sheltering by the gable wall. There were very few people in the roadway. Mr McKinney saw one soldier in the act of firing.
12.3
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE SOLDIERS
12.3.1 Riots
Mr McKinney said that it was not normal to see a barrier at a riot. There would have been a group of soldiers fairly close together behind riot shields.
One of the differences on Bloody Sunday was that barriers had been erected and the soldiers were standing behind them without shields. Mr Glasgow showed Mr McKinney photographs of barriers 12 and 14. He said that soldiers with rifles were standing well back in positions where they would not normally be seen by those confronting the barrier.
Mr McKinney said that the IRA might have intervened on previous occasions and agreed that he had no reason to believe that it was less likely to happen on this occasion.
12.3.2
Rossville Street
Mr McKinney agreed that he saw occasions when the soldiers were in the open and, as the incident continued, standing in positions of cover.
He said, to start off with, they were taking cover at the side of Kells Walk then they left the cover. He heard firing when the soldiers left the wall.
13
BERNADETTE CRAWFORD’S EVIDENCE
13.1
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE TRIBUNAL
13.1.1
Free Derry Corner
Ms Crawford was in the crowd in front of the lorry at Free Derry Corner. The crowd was spaced out. Ms Crawford said that Bernadette Devlin had just got up on the lorry and she thinks that she was just trying to get the microphone to work when the shooting began. The shooting was constant and fast. Ms Crawford said that it was obvious that the shooting was coming from the walls. She described it as coming from above and to the left of her position. Ms Crawford said that she could feel bullets whizzing past her and then would hear the noise of the bullet. She said that it was not an echo effect. She did not see any soldiers firing from the walls because it was too far away.
13.1.2
Bogside Inn
Ms Crawford and her two friends took shelter behind a wall near the Bogside Inn. They stayed there for 15 to 20 minutes. Ms Crawford said that she did not see anyone in that area with guns or any vehicles arriving. She remembers seeing Eamonn McCann standing behind a barricade talking to a group of men.
13.2
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE FAMILIES AND WOUNDED
13.2.1 Free Derry Corner
Ms Crawford said that she was at the very front of the crowd at Free Derry Corner. She was close to the platform when the shooting started. It took a few seconds to realise what was happening. There was a bit of panic and then people started calling ‘they are shooting from the walls.’ She looked to the left and saw bullet marks in the ground.
The crowd had scattered and the area would have been fairly open. Ms Crawford said that she had no doubt in her own mind that the shots came from the walls.
13.3
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE SOLDIERS
13.3.1
Free Derry Corner
Ms Crawford was shown a photograph of people crouching around Free Derry Corner. She agreed that there were people squatting in the area in between the walls and where she believes the bullets struck.
14
ROBERT McLAUGHLIN’S EVIDENCE
Mr McLaughlin was 15 years old at the time of Bloody Sunday.
14.1 QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE TRIBUNAL
14.1.1
Craigavon Bridge
Mr McLaughlin agreed that it was possible that the soldiers that had stopped and searched him on Craigavon Bridge may have been some other regiment that he had not seen in Derry before.
14.1.2
William Street
Mr McLaughlin saw a soldier with a blackened face in a gap next to McCool’s newsagents. He said that he was surprised to see the soldier because he assumed that they would all be behind the barricade.
Mr McLaughlin threw stones after the water cannon and CS gas had been used. He said that almost simultaneously with the water cannon being deployed, there was a smell of tear gas. He assumed that the Army had thrown it. He did not see anyone in the crowd or a soldier actually throws the tear gas. The crowd which had been throwing stones moved back.
14.1.3
Free Derry Corner
Mr McLaughlin turned around and saw two army vehicles to the north of the rubble barricade. He did not see any soldiers. He heard live fire at the time that he saw the army vehicles. He heard a volley of single shots. Mr McLaughlin said that he did not think it was automatic fire. He had heard automatic fire on previous occasions.
14.1.4
St Columbs Wells
Mr McLaughlin ran towards St Columbs Wells. There was a second volley of shots that was similar to the first. He said that it was exactly the same sound that he had heard earlier and did not think that it was automatic fire either.
14.1.5
Westland Street
Mr McLaughlin made his way to Westland Street where he met Michael Doherty. Mr Doherty was looking out from behind some houses and told him to stay where he was and not venture any further.
Mr McLaughlin saw a car near the Bogside Inn. There were three or four men with the car who seemed to be assessing what was going on. The car was stationary. Mr McLaughlin said that he did not see whether any of the men were carrying weapons. He did not see any weapons.
When Mr McLaughlin was walking through the grounds of St Columbs College he heard both high velocity and low velocity gunfire from the general area of the Bogside. He said that he assumed the IRA had started to fire back at the Army.
14.2
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE SOLDIERS
14.2.1
Peter McLaughlin
Mr McLaughlin’s cousin, Peter had been shot and wounded on the Saturday evening before Bloody Sunday. He did not see his cousin until several months later.
14.2.2
Rioting
Mr McLaughlin said that there would be stone throwing at army vehicles, most weekends. A pattern had developed where stones would be thrown for a period of time. He said that there was an unwritten set of rules and the crowd would expect a certain kind of response from the Army.
Mr McLaughlin said that throwing stones at well-protected soldiers and vehicles was an accepted form of protest. Many people involved themselves in throwing stones because they saw it as a form of protest and did not intend to hurt anyone.
14.2.3
Barrier 14
Mr McLaughlin said that deploying the water cannon and using tear gas to a largely peaceful crowd at barrier 14 was an overreaction. He said that the volleys of rubber bullets and amount of CS gas fired seemed to be excessive. Mr McLaughlin said that the crowd that he was with approached the barrier in peaceful protest. He thought that the vast majority were there in peaceful protest. He said that there was some who would have had an angry demeanour.
Mr McLaughlin said that the soldiers were well protected. Rioters were throwing stones and the Army replied with intense volleys of rubber bullets. Mr McLaughlin cannot recall the police officer making a warning with a loudspeaker with no protective covering.
14.2.4
Free Derry Corner
Mr McLaughlin remembers that the shooting started a second or two after the army vehicles stopped. He said that they were definitely high velocity shots and they caused people to fall to the ground. He heard shots from north of Rossville Street.
14.2.5
Bogside Inn
Mr McLaughlin saw a car with men who he assumed were paramilitary arrive. He stayed in the same area as the men with the car for one to two minutes. He did not see any of them handling weapons. He did not see anyone in the area of the Bogside Inn fire a shot or be shot. He said that the shots he heard all came from the same general area of Rossville Street and Free Derry Corner.
Mr McLaughlin said that about 10 to 15 minutes elapsed from his seeing the car and hearing what he took to be an ‘exchange’ of gunfire.
14.2.6
Policy of ostracisation
Mr McLaughlin said that after internment, political
leaders of the nationalist community asked for a policy of ostracisation of the
Security Forces. This included not
speaking to the soldiers on the street.
15
WILLIAM LINDSAY’S EVIDENCE
15.1 QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE TRIBUNAL
15.1.1
Free Derry Corner
Mr Lindsay saw people standing around and running. He turned and looked back up Rossville Street. He saw soldiers getting out of vehicles and taking up firing positions. He was aware of a number of vehicles but was unable to pinpoint them.
Mr Lindsay saw two soldiers firing. He said that they were not aiming at anything in particular. In his 1972 statement he said that the soldiers were firing from the back of the flats. He could not say for definite whether he was referring to the same soldiers.
Mr Lindsay got a fleeting glimpse through the gap between the Rossville Flats. He did not have a clear view of what was going on in the car park.
Mr Lindsay said that his attention was drawn by a group of men lying at the side of a wall, just south of the southern block of Joseph Place. They shouted at him to get out of the road. Mr Lindsay said that he looked up and saw 7 or 8 flashes from the walls. He saw the muzzles of the rifles from which the shots were fired. He does not recall anyone around him.
15.2
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE FAMILIES AND WOUNDED
15.2.1
Rossville Street
Mr Lindsay saw soldiers get out of army vehicles and take up firing positions. He said that the soldiers were out in the open. He recalls two soldiers shooting from beside their vehicle but he said that they were still clearly visible to him.
15.3
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE SOLDIERS
15.3.1
Rossville Street
When Mr Lindsay first saw the APCs he did not hear any firing at all. There were two soldiers kneeling at the north end of Block 1. He did not see anyone hit by firing. He did not see the soldier hitting anyone at the rubble barricade. Mr Glasgow said that Soldier U (who fired from this position) was standing rather than kneeling.
15.3.2
1972 statement
Mr Lindsay said that he is not sure why he did not mention the flashes he had seen from the city walls in his 1972 statement.
15.3.3
Free Derry Corner
Mr Lindsay said that after the firing came towards him, he moved to take cover by the little wall where the men had shouted at him from.
15.4
FURTHER QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE TRIBUNAL
15.4.1 City walls
Mr Lindsay said that he had been standing when the shooting had started. His attention was drawn to a group of men and he looked up behind the men to see several flashes. He took cover and did not hear any more shooting after that.
16
JAMES DEANS’ EVIDENCE
16.1 QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE TRIBUNAL
16.1.1
Lecky Road
Mr Deans said that there had been soldiers billeted in the vicinity of the gas yard wall on the Lecky Road. As the march passed this area, the marchers stamped their feet in unison. Mr Deans said that soldiers had been billeted in this area previously. He did not see any soldiers in this area on the day of the march.
16.1.2
William Street
Mr Deans noticed a row of red berets along the rooftops of some of the derelict buildings on the northern side of William Street.
16.1.3
Eden Place/Pilot Row waste ground
Mr Deans was near to the front of the march and was standing near Con Bradley’s pub. He was aware of some sort of confrontation and walked to the waste ground. He realised he was in the line of fire from the Embassy Ballroom and moved further down the waste ground. The crowd suddenly came running. He ran south down Rossville Street and turned around and watched the Army coming south. He carried on running south down Rossville Street and over the rubble barricade.
16.1.4
Joseph Place
Mr Deans heard 2 or 3 shots and got down on his stomach. He assumed the shots were coming from Rossville Street. Everybody around him hit the ground. Mr Deans said that he spent some time on his face and then started to crawl east towards Joseph Place. He went into a house and looked out of the window. He could see people moving in Glenfada Park North. He heard more shots and people in Glenfada Park North went to the ground.
Mr Deans noticed a green Cortina which appeared to be moving. He cannot now recall whether the Cortina was going in or out of Glenfada Park North. He said that his present recollection is of seeing one or two people going across Glenfada Park North from east to west. One young man had a hankie and appeared to be trying to get people not to shoot. He did not see anybody standing at the gable end of Glenfada Park North.
16.1.5
St Columbs Wells
Mr Deans came out of the house in Joseph Place and walked down towards St Columbs Wells. He approached McKeown’s Lane and saw three people. Then he heard and saw a shot ricochet off the wall on the side that faces into St Columb’s Wells. He thought that the three people had been shot at from the city wall because of the position of the wall that the bullet had ricocheted off. Then he heard another shot but had no idea who the shot was aimed at. The group of three people ran on after they had heard the shots.
16.2
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE FAMILIES AND WOUNDED
16.2.1
Green Cortina
Mr Deans said that he has a fleeting and rather vague recollection of a green Cortina car in the vicinity of Glenfada Park. He agreed that his 1972 account suggest that he saw the car right at the end of the shooting.
16.3
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE SOLDIERS
16.3.1
Eden Place/Pilot Row waste ground
Mr Deans said that he remembers feeling uncomfortable where he was on the waste ground. Mr Glasgow suggested that the way he walked took him further into the line of sight of the Embassy Ballroom and that in fact he could not have received a threat from the Embassy Ballroom. Mr Deans said that he was not mistaken.
Mr Deans did not see any arrests or fighting taking place on the waste ground.
16.3.2
St Columbs Wells
Mr Glasgow said that a soldier admits to firing at a gunman at the Bogside Inn. Mr Deans said that this is not what he had witnessed when he had seen the three men by the wall, fired at.
Mr Deans agreed that he had not mentioned the bullet hitting the wall in his 1972 statement.
17
JAMES DUDDY’S EVIDENCE
17.1 QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE TRIBUNAL
17.1.1
Barrier 14
Mr Duddy said that there were 100 people at the barricade. He could see people with armbands talking to police and soldiers. He said that confrontation started and the people closer to the barrier started to throw a few stones and bottles. He stayed for 10 to 15 minutes.
17.1.2
Chamberlain Street
Mr Duddy saw two paras wearing red berets at the junction of High Street and Waterloo Street. He picked up a milk bottle and threw it at the soldiers.
Mr Duddy went to the south end of Chamberlain Street and saw Jack Duddy being carried from the corner of the car park. He saw a lady lying on the ground by the southwest gable end of Chamberlain Street. He thinks that the woman was Peggy Deery because she had a horrific leg injury. Mr Duddy said that he is not exactly sure about the order of these events.
Mr Duddy could see another girl lying in the car park. He only saw her for a few seconds.
17.1.3
Three penny bits
Mr Duddy went through the gap between Blocks 2 and 3 of the Rossville Flats. He saw a man lying on the ground who he believed to be Patrick Doherty. He has a clear recollection that when he saw the man, one of his shoes was removed. (The photograph of Patrick Doherty’s body shows that he was wearing both his shoes.)
Mr Duddy saw people taking cover around the three-penny bits. He remembers the sheer volume of shots being fired. He said that about 40 to 60 shots were fired in a very short period of time. This was 2 to 3 minutes after he had seen the body of the man on the south side of the Rossville Flats. Some of the bullets hit the three-penny bits. They could have been a mixture of live shots and rubber bullets.
Mr Duddy ran back to the alleyway along the east side of Joseph Place. He heard 2 or 3 shots hitting the wall above him. He remembers the thud of clay flying up.
17.1.4
Creggan Street
When Mr Duddy got home he found out that his uncle, John Johnston, had been shot. He drove with other members of his family to Altnagelvin hospital. The car was stopped by 5 or 6 paras on Creggan Street. He and others were made to get out of the car and were verbally abused by the paras.
17.2
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE FAMILIES AND WOUNDED
17.2.1
South of the Rossville Flats
Mr Duddy agreed that the body of the man on the south side of the Rossville Flats he had seen could have been Barney McGuigan rather than Patrick Doherty.
17.3
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE SOLDIERS
17.3.1
Creggan Street
Mr Duddy said that the vehicle he was in was stopped at the bottom of Creggan Street. He thinks that the soldiers were paras because of their emblems and berets. Mr Glasgow suggested that there were no paras in this area at that time. Mr Duddy said that he is sure that the incident took place even if the soldiers were not paras.
17.3.2
Waterloo Street barrier
Mr Duddy came across a barrier at Waterloo Street. He threw a bottle in the direction of the 2 soldiers manning the barrier. He said that when he said ‘we will teach you boys a lesson today’ it was a flippant remark. To the best of his recollection, he could not remember any soldier being got by the rioters.
18
BERNARD HEANEY’S EVIDENCE
18.1 QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE TRIBUNAL
18.1.1 Rossville Street
Mr Heaney heard at least one, possibly two, shots ring out whilst he was in William Street. He was affected by gas at the corner with Rossville Street. He could hear rubber bullets being fired. Mr Heaney ran down Rossville Street and remembers tripping over the rubble barricade.
Mr Heaney could see the army vehicles coming in. He heard series of 3 or 4 high velocity shots at a time. They were single shots fired in rapid succession. He remembers people running southward with him.
18.1.2
Free Derry Corner
Mr Heaney got as far as the corner of Fahan Street and St Columbs Wells. An elderly lady fell on top of him. He said that he has a vague impression of bullets being fired at Free Derry Corner from what he could hear. Mr Heaney felt exposed as he was lying in view of the walls. He could not really see the walls from his position. He does not recall hearing rubber bullets or automatic fire.
Mr Heaney crossed McKeown’s Lane. He said that he had the impression that shots had come down that lane from the City Walls. He said that he had the distinct impression that 1 or 2 rifle cracks came through as he crossed the lane. He could not work out which direction the rifle cracks came from.
18.1.3
Westland Street
Mr Heaney walked up Westland Street and saw a couple of cars come flying down. The cars stopped 20 or 30 yards behind him before they got to the Lecky Road. He saw the doors open and 6 or 8 men running out. Some were carrying weapons. He cannot remember the details of the weapons. He has a memory of people carrying rifles. The men ran down to Free Derry Corner in the direction of Rossville Street.
18.2
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE SOLDIERS
18.2.1
Free Derry Corner
Mr Heaney said that he heard the high velocity fire start almost as soon as he saw the military vehicles.
18.2.2
Bogside Inn
Mr Heaney agreed that it is possible that he heard 1 or 2 shots passing overhead from the area of the Bogside Inn. He is not aware of anyone being shot at in the area or anyone shooting from that area.
19
EAMONN McCOURT’S EVIDENCE
19.1
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE TRIBUNAL
19.1.1
Free Derry Corner
Mr McCourt was one of the first to arrive at Free Derry Corner. He said that he is not certain whether the speakers had started when he heard the sound of firing coming from his left. He agreed that the sound of the shots could possibly have been from the car park of the Rossville Flats.
Mr McCourt reached the maisonettes to the north of Westland Street and ran to an alleyway. He said that he felt protected from the direction of firing by the maisonettes on the east side of the alleyway. He heard the sound of bullets striking something solid and took it to be close by because he could hear the sound of contact.
Mr McCourt could hear the zing of bullets. He said that he had the impression that almost 20 bullets hit the wall on the east side of the maisonette. Someone in the alleyway said that they thought it was the Army that was firing. Mr McCourt said that he did not know who was firing. There was a lull in the firing and he ran out Westland Street, past the Bogside Inn and down the Lecky Road.
19.1.2
Lecky Road
Mr McCourt saw a car with about 4 men in it who he knew, through association or rumour, to be members of the IRA. He did not know who the men were or which branch of the IRA they belonged to. They were sitting in the car. Mr McCourt said that he was still running as fast as he could. Mr McCourt slowed up as he ran past the car which was stationary. The men asked him what was going on. Mr McCourt said that ‘they’re trying to kill us.’
Mr McCourt said that his perception at the time was that the IRA was relatively small.
20
GERARD McDAID’S EVIDENCE
20.1
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE TRIBUNAL
20.1.1 Rioting
Mr McDaid said that his friends were all rioters and once he heard there was a big march, he knew there was going to be a confrontation. He said that he looked on rioting as defending his area. He was going to make sure that the Army was not coming into the Bog. Mr McDaid did not see it as civilians confronting the Army. He said that, in the 15 months previous, he and others would put the barricades up. On the morning of Bloody Sunday, the Army put the barricades so they were coming to the civilians.
Mr McDaid said that he had been present at riots at which the IRA had fired. The word would come to the front that rioters were to get off the scene. Once firing started it would be the end of the riot. Civilians would not be used for cover. He did not know which wing of the IRA would be involved in the firing. Mr McDaid had been at 6 or 7 riots were firing had taken place in the 15 months before Bloody Sunday.
20.1.2
Barriers 12, 13 and 14
Mr McDaid said that there were about 70 or 80 people in a group throwing stones at the barriers. He was on the waste ground between barriers 12 and 13. He said that he stayed there for a very short period of time.
At barrier 14, Mr McDaid pulled down a corrugated sheet to use as protection against rubber bullets. Some boys from Belfast tried to get involved in the riot. They seemed determined to take over. There was a group of about 10 to 12 boys. He knew they were from Belfast because of their voices. They were aged between 17 and 19.
There were a few hundred people at the barrier when the water cannon was used. Mr McDaid said that there were more spectators than rioters. He stayed at barrier 14 for between 30 to 45 minutes.
Mr McDaid said that he was not aware when the march arrived because he was rioting. He ran south down Chamberlain Street after the water cannon was used. He heard two loud cracks as he reached the junction of High Street. Two boys at the junction with Harvey Street shouted that there was live firing and pointed to bullet holes in the wall of a house in Chamberlain Street. Mr McDaid stopped north of the junction with Harvey Street and saw 6 or 7 soldiers at the north end of Chamberlain Street.
20.1.3
Rossville Flats car park
Mr McDaid saw about 3 or 5 APCs. There were about 100 to 150 civilians who were running. Mr McDaid did not see anyone throw stones at the soldiers. He said that soldiers were in the car park before he got to it and he was scared of getting arrested. The soldiers were firing rifles from the hip and one-handed. Rubber bullets were fired as well.
Mr McDaid heard between 15 to 20 shots at that time. He saw a couple of men who were running, fall to the ground. He thought that they had been hit by rubber bullets. He could not get between the gaps between Blocks 1 and 2.
20.1.4
Rubble barricade
Mr McDaid met up with his friends again. There were about 20 to 30 of them. They went to join the group at the rubble barricade. He knew that there were soldiers to the north and could hear live fire coming from the direction of the north. At the time he heard shots, he could see the crowd gathered at the gable end of Glenfada Park North and the lads standing around the rubble barricade throwing stones.
20.1.5
Joseph Place car park
He ran back to Joseph Place and saw heads on the Derry Walls. He could see the Army and Police and rifles. The shooting from the walls carried on for 5 minutes. He thought they were picking shots. He waited in the alleyway for 25 minutes and when the shooting stopped he thought that it was safe to move. He saw what he believed to be two bullets hit the grass at the end of the alleyway.
20.2
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE FAMILIES AND WOUNDED
20.2.1
Riots
Mr McDaid said that he had been present on riots when the IRA had engaged the British Army. He said that the IRA would not use a march to shoot at the army. Word had filtered through the crowd that the IRA was scared of the army coming into the Creggan and would not be present in the Bogside that day.
20.3
QUESTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE SOLDIERS
20.3.1
Rioting
When he had seen the IRA shooting at soldiers during riots, the crowd had usually disappeared by the time the shooting started. Word would get through the crowd if boys came with masks and guns. There would usually be 4 or 5 gunmen. He said that he would not